The effect of asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after mechanical thrombectomy on clinical outcome.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Whether asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) affects the clinical outcomes in patients with acute large vessel occlusion treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) remains unclear. This study aimed to address this uncertainty. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients with acute ischemic stroke and internal carotid or middle cerebral (M1 segment) artery occlusion treated with MT between April 2011 and March 2021 at a single center. All patients had a premorbid modified Rankin scale (mRS) score ≤ 2 and an anterior circulation occlusion and underwent magnetic resonance imaging at admission. Asymptomatic ICH was defined as ICH without symptomatic ICH defined by the SITS-MOST criteria. A favorable outcome was defined as an mRS score ≤ 2 at 90 days after stroke onset. RESULTS: Our study included 349 patients; 62% were men, the median age was 76 [67-83] years, and the median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 15 [8-21]. As determined via computed tomography, 103 (30%) patients had ICH (20 symptomatic and 83 asymptomatic). The favorable outcome rate was significantly lower for asymptomatic vs. no ICH (30% vs. 67%, p < 0.01). In a multivariate regression analysis, a high NIHSS score (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.10; p < 0.01) and low Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65-0.92; p < 0.01) were independent risk factors for ICH. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic ICH is associated with poor clinical outcome at 90 days after stroke onset.

Hyperglycemia and Outcomes in Patients with Successful Reperfusion by Mechanical Thrombectomy.

Background This study examined whether or not hyperglycemia on admission is associated with poor outcomes in patients with successful reperfusion by mechanical thrombectomy (MT). Methods Consecutive patients with acute anterior circulation stroke and large-vessel occlusion treated with MT were evaluated. Hyperglycemia was defined as a blood glucose level of >140 mg/dL on admission. Successful reperfusion was defined as Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction of grade 2b or 3. A poor clinical outcome 90 days after the onset was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 4-6. We compared characteristics, including outcomes, between the normoglycemic (≤140 mg/dL) and hyperglycemic groups. In addition, the association between hyperglycemia and outcomes was evaluated in patients with successful reperfusion using MT. Results The participants comprised 407 patients (median age, 76.5 years old; 58.0% men; median NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale) score, 17). The site of occlusion was the ICA (Internal Carotid Artery) in 119 patients (29.2%) and the M1 in 178 patients (43.7%). Normoglycemia, hyperglycemia, successful reperfusion, and poor outcomes were found in 138 (33.9%), 269 (66.1%), 320 (78.6%), and 141 (34.4%) patients, respectively. Poor outcomes were more frequent in hyperglycemic patients (61.6%) than in normoglycemic patients (43.9%, P=0.001). Among patients with successful reperfusion, poor outcomes were more frequent in hyperglycemic patients (57.8%) than in normoglycemic patients (37.9%; P<0.001). In patients with successful reperfusion, a multivariate regression analysis identified hyperglycemia as a factor associated with poor outcomes (odds ratio, 2.151; confidence interval, 1.166-3.970; P=0.014). Conclusions Among all patients, hyperglycemia on admission was associated with a poor outcome in those treated with MT. Regarding the presence of successful reperfusion by MT, patients with successful reperfusion had such effects.

Regular pulse checks for patients with non-cardioembolic stroke in rehabilitation hospitals to improve recognition and detection of atrial fibrillation (the ESCORT study): protocol for a prospective multicenter observational study.

Background: Cryptogenic stroke (CS) are heterogeneous in origin; however, most CS are embolic mechanism. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) is suspected to be a major type of CS that leads to severe cerebral infarction without anticoagulant use. Therefore, the identification of AF is vital in patients with CS. However, patients are often unaware of AF because they have no symptoms, and AF may not be detected on an electrocardiogram (ECG) or Holter ECG on admission. After patients with stroke are treated in the acute phase, they are promptly transferred to a rehabilitation hospital for functional recovery. Once the patient is transferred to a hospital, a few attempts are made to detect AF. In addition, rehabilitation therapists are considered to have insufficient awareness of the possibility of undiagnosed AF. Objective: This study aimed to increase the understanding of the importance of AF detection in patients with ischemic stroke among therapists in rehabilitation hospitals and to investigate whether regular pulse screening can aid in the detection of AF. If AF was detected, we determined the rate and timing of AF detection and identified the patient characteristics. Methods: This multicenter prospective observational study aimed to detect AF in patients with non-cardiac stroke at rehabilitation hospitals. Therapists performed pulse checks before, during, and after rehabilitation. If arrhythmia or tachycardia was detected, an ECG was performed, and the physician checked for AF. If the patient complained of chest symptoms, electrocardiography (ECG) was performed to check for AF. We investigated the characteristics, laboratory data, cognitive status, complications, such as stroke recurrence, and functional outcomes of patients with AF. Results: The study is in the enrollment phase. Recruitment began in September 2022 and will end in August 2023. Patients have provided written informed consent. The main results have been submitted for publication in your journal. Conclusion: The findings of this study will help identify patients with AF in rehabilitation hospitals and improve awareness among therapists.

Ultra-early rt-PA administration should improve patient outcome on mechanical thrombectomy: Post hoc analysis of SKIP.

BACKGROUND: To investigate whether ultra-early recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (rt-PA) administration can improve patient outcomes on mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO). METHODS: Participants comprised rt-PA-eligible 204 patients with internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery occlusion in the SKIP trial, who were randomly assigned to receive mechanical thrombectomy alone or combined intravenous thrombolysis (rt-PA: alteplase at 0.6 mg/kg) plus mechanical thrombectomy. We assessed associations between onset-to-puncture time and onset-to-rt-PA administration time and frequency of favorable outcome at 90 days and any intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) at 36 h after onset. RESULTS: As a cut-off onset-to-puncture time for favorable outcome, receiver operating characteristic curves defined 2.5 h (57% sensitivity, 62% specificity). For onset-to-puncture times ≤2.5 h and > 2.5 h, frequencies of favorable outcomes were 72% and 63% (p = 0.402) in patients with rt-PA therapy and 44% and 58% (p = 0.212) in patients without rt-PA therapy, respectively. In terms of onset-to-rt-PA administration time, frequencies of favorable outcomes among patients with ultra-early rt-PA administration at ≤100, >100 min after onset, and without rt-PA therapy with onset-to-puncture time ≤ 2.5 h, and with and without rt-PA therapy with onset-to-puncture time > 2.5 h were 84% and 64%, 63%, and 44% and 58%, respectively (p = 0.025). Frequencies of any ICH among those patients were 37% and 32%, 32%, and 63% and 40%, respectively (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Ultra-early rt-PA administration should improve patient outcomes on mechanical thrombectomy among patients with LVO. Relatively late rt-PA administration might increase the frequency of any ICH.

A differential detailed diffusion-weighted imaging-ASPECTS for cerebral infarct volume measurement and outcome prediction.

BACKGROUND: Diffusion-weighted imaging-Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (DWI-ASPECTS) has been used to estimate infarct core volume in acute stroke. However, the same and indiscriminate score deduction for punctate or confluent DWI high-intensity lesion might lead to variation in performance. AIMS: To develop and evaluate a differential detailed DWI-ASPECTS method in comparison with the conventional DWI-ASPECTS in core infarct volume measurement and clinical outcome prediction. METHODS: We retrospectively recruited patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated with endovascular treatment between April 2013 and October 2019. In differential detailed DWI-ASPECTS, restricted diffusion lesion that was punctate or less than half of a cortical region (M1-M6) would not lead to subtraction of point. A favorable outcome was modified Rankin Scale score ⩽2 at 90 days after stroke onset. RESULTS: Among 298 AIS patients, mean age was 75 years (interquartile range (IQR) 67-82), and 194 patients (65%) were males. Mean infarct core volume was 11 mL (IQR 3-37). Overall, the score by detailed DWI-ASPECTS was significantly higher than conventional DWI-ASPECTS (8 (7-9) vs. 7 (5-9); P < 0.01). The detailed DWI-ASPECTS resulted in a higher correlation coefficient (r) for core infarct volume estimation than the conventional DWI-ASPECTS (r = 0.832 vs. 0.773; P < 0.01). Upon re-classification of those scored ⩽6 in conventional DWI-ASPECTS (n = 134) by detailed DWI-ASPECTS, the rate of favorable outcome in patients with detailed DWI-ASPECTS >6 was significantly higher than those with ⩽6 (29 (48%) vs. 14 (19%); P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Detailed DWI-ASPECTS appeared to provide a more accurate infarct core volume measurement and clinical outcome correlation than conventional DWI-ASPECTS among AIS patients treated with endovascular therapy.

Mechanical Thrombectomy Treatment More than 16 h after Last Known Well for Patients with Large Vessel Occlusion.

INTRODUCTION: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has been reported to be effective within 24 h after last known well (LKW) by the DAWN (DWI or CTP Assessment with Clinical Mismatch in the Triage of Wake-Up and Late Presenting Strokes Undergoing Neurointervention with Trevo) trial and within 16 h after LKW by the DEFUSE-3 (Endovascular Therapy Following Imaging Evaluation for Ischemic Stroke 3) trial. However, there have been few reports of MT more than 16 h after LKW, and the efficacy and safety of MT more than 24 h after LKW have not yet been demonstrated. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of MT more than 16 h after LKW. METHODS: Using data from the Nippon Medical School Hospital MT registry from April 2011 to August 2022, consecutive patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) and prehospital modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores of 0-3 were enrolled. Patients were classified into the following three groups: early group (LKW <6 h), middle group (LKW 6-16 h), and late group (LKW >16 h). The clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared among these three groups. RESULTS: Among 778 patients in the MT registry, 624 were enrolled. The early group included 432 patients, the middle group included 123 patients, and the late group included 69 patients. The patients had a median age of 77 years (interquartile range, 68-83), and 359 were male (57.5%). The median prehospital mRS score was 1 (interquartile range, 1-1), median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission was 17 (interquartile range, 10-23), and median Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score was 10 (interquartile range, 8-10). Regarding safety and efficacy, the proportions of cases with successful reperfusion (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score of 2b-3; 85.4% vs. 92.7% vs. 88.7%; p = 0.47), symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (6.4% vs. 5.7% vs. 7.2%; p = 0.99), mRS score ≤3 at 90 days (52.0% vs. 60.2% vs. 44.9%; p = 0.11), and mRS score of 6 at 90 days (11.3% vs. 10.6 vs. 8.7%; p = 0.37) were not significantly different between the three groups. CONCLUSION: Patients who received MT more than 16 h after LKW experienced the same safety and efficacy as those who received MT at 0-16 h after LKW. MT more than 16 h after LKW may be safe and effective for stroke patients with LVO.

Detection of Atrial Fibrillation Using Insertable Cardiac Monitors in Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke in Japan (the LOOK Study): Protocol for a Prospective Multicenter Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) is a probable cause of cryptogenic stroke (CS), and its detection and treatment are important for the secondary prevention of stroke. Insertable cardiac monitors (ICMs) are clinically effective in screening for AF and are superior to conventional short-term cardiac monitoring. Japanese guidelines for determining clinical indications for ICMs in CS are stricter than those in Western countries. Differences between Japanese and Western guidelines may impact the detection rate and prediction of AF via ICMs in patients with CS. Available data on Japanese patients are limited to small retrospective studies. Furthermore, additional information about AF detection, including the number of episodes, cumulative episode duration, anticoagulation initiation (type and dose of regimen and time of initiation), rate of catheter ablation, role of atrial cardiomyopathy, and stroke recurrence (time of recurrence and cause of the recurrent event), was not provided in the vast majority of previously published studies. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aim to identify the proportion and timing of AF detection and risk stratification criteria in patients with CS in real-world settings in Japan. METHODS: This is a multicenter, prospective, observational study that aims to use ICMs to evaluate the proportion, timing, and characteristics of AF detection in patients diagnosed with CS. We will investigate the first detection of AF within the initial 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up after ICM implantation. Patient characteristics, laboratory data, atrial cardiomyopathy markers, serial magnetic resonance imaging findings at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months after ICM implantation, electrocardiogram readings, transesophageal echocardiography findings, cognitive status, stroke recurrence, and functional outcomes will be compared between patients with AF and patients without AF. Furthermore, we will obtain additional information regarding the number of AF episodes, duration of cumulative AF episodes, and time of anticoagulation initiation. RESULTS: Study recruitment began in February 2020, and thus far, 213 patients have provided written informed consent and are currently in the follow-up phase. The last recruited participant (May 2021) will have completed the 24-month follow-up in May 2023. The main results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2023. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study will help identify AF markers and generate a risk scoring system with a novel and superior screening algorithm for occult AF detection while identifying candidates for ICM implantation and aiding the development of diagnostic criteria for CS in Japan. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN Clinical Trial Registry UMIN000039809; https://tinyurl.com/3jaewe6a. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/39307.

Intraarterial urokinase for thrombus migration after mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: Achieving rapid and complete reperfusion is the ultimate purpose for ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion (LVO). Although mechanical thrombectomy (MT) had been a proverbially important procedure, medium vessel occlusion (MeVO) with thrombus migration can sporadically occur after MT. Moreover, the safe and effective approach for such had been unknown. We reported thrombolysis with intraarterial urokinase for MeVO with thrombus migration after MT. METHODS: We included 122 patients who were treated by MT with LVO stroke at our institution between April 2019 and March 2021. Of 26 patients (21.3%) who developed MeVO with thrombus migration after MT, 11 (9.0%) underwent additional MT (MT group) and 15 (12.3%) received intraarterial urokinase (UK group). The procedure time; angiographically modified Treatment in Cerebral Ischemia Scale (mTICI); functional independence, which was defined as modified Rankin Scale 0-2, on day 30 or upon discharge; and symptomatic and asymptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) were compared between the UK and MT groups. RESULTS: The procedure time, mTICI, and asymptomatic ICH did not significantly differ between the groups. In the UK group, 8 of 15 (53.3%) patients obtained functional independence, and the functional independence rate was significantly higher in the UK group than in the MT group (p < 0.05). Symptomatic ICH did not occur in the UK group, and its incidence was significantly smaller than that in the MT group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that intraarterial urokinase for MeVO with thrombus migration after MT may safely improve angiographic reperfusion.

Prevalence of carotid artery stenosis with coronary artery disease in Japanese patients: A single-center study.

There are a few reports of the prevalence of extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS) in Asian patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This was a prospective registry study of 157 consecutive Japanese patients undergoing coronary angiography that aimed to determine the prevalence of extracranial ICAS in recent Japanese patients. The associations between ICAS and the extent or the maximal stenosis of CAD were also investigated. The 131 eligible patients with suspected CAD were prospectively analyzed. Their mean age was 69.0 ± 8.2 years, and 75.6% were males. A total of 111 patients (84.7%) were angiographically diagnosed with CAD. ICAS (area stenosis ≥50% on ultrasonography) was present in 9 patients, and the prevalence in patients with CAD was 8.1%. All patients in the ICAS group had CAD, and this group was significantly more likely to have a history of stroke (p = 0.03). Although no significant relationships were found between the severity of ICAS and the maximal stenosis of CAD, the severity of ICAS increased gradually with the extent of CAD. The prevalence of ICAS in patients with CAD treated with current medical treatment was relatively low (8.1%) compared to previous reports, and the severity of ICAS was significantly associated with the extent of CAD.

National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score Less Than 10 at 24 hours After Stroke Onset Is a Strong Predictor of a Favorable Outcome After Mechanical Thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND: There are a few accurate predictors of patient outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy (MT). OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score 24 hours after stroke onset could predict favorable outcomes at 90 days in patients with acute stroke treated with MT. METHODS: Patients from the SKIP study were enrolled in this study. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, the optimal cut-off NIHSS score 24 hours after stroke onset was calculated to distinguish between favorable (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2) and unfavorable (modified Rankin Scale score 3-6) outcomes at 90 days. These receiver operating characteristic curves were compared with those of previously reported predictors of favorable outcomes, such as the ΔNIHSS score (baseline NIHSS score-NIHSS score at 24 h), percent delta (ΔNIHSS score × 100/baseline NIHSS score), and early neurological improvement indices. RESULTS: A total of 177 patients (median age, 72 years; female, 65 [37%]) were enrolled, and 109 (61.9%) had favorable outcomes. The respective sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve values for an NIHSS of 10 were 92.6%, 80.7%, and .906; a ΔNIHSS score of 7 were 70.6%, 76.1%, and .797; and percent delta of 48.3% were 85.3%, 80.7%, and .890. CONCLUSION: NIHSS score <10 at 24 hours after stroke onset is a strong predictor of favorable outcomes at 90 days in patients treated with MT.

The safety of rapid administration of enteral nutrition in acute stroke patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Early initiation of enteral nutrition (EN) is recommended for acute stroke patients, but it is time-consuming. Reducing EN administration time without increasing the frequency of complications is a worthwhile goal. We aimed to determine whether this goal was feasible. METHODS: Consecutive acute stroke patients with severe dysphagia within 72 h of hospital admission who received EN were retrospectively enrolled. Patients were classified into two groups (Rapid administration group: 100 mL/5 min on days 1-3 after stroke onset and 200 mL/30 min on days 4-7, Conventional administration group: 100 mL/h on days 1-3 and 200 mL/h on days 4-7). RESULTS: Among 118 consecutive acute stroke patients, 71 patients [median age, 77 (68-82) years; 37 (52%) males] were enrolled. The baseline clinical characteristics of the rapid administration group (45 patients) and the conventional administration group (26 patients) did not differ. The total duration of EN administration in the first week after stroke onset was significantly longer in the conventional vs. rapid administration group [21 (15-21) h vs. 6 (2-8) h, p < 0.01]. There were no significant differences in the frequency of diarrhea (42% vs. 42%, p = 1.00), vomiting (0% vs. 7%, p = 0.29), or pneumonia (15% vs. 7%, p = 0.41). There was also no difference in the percentage of patients with one or more complications (54% vs. 49%, p = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid administration of EN is safe and has the potential to decrease the time required for EN feeding.

Familiarization with Contact Aspiration using Non-Penetrating of the Thrombus (CANP) Technique as the Initial Procedure for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to prove the safety and efficacy of the contact aspiration using non-penetrating of thrombus (CANP) technique for the initial procedure for acute ischemic stroke and to increase operator familiarization with the technical aspects of the CANP technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 103 patients with large-vessel stroke who were treated using thrombectomy alone at our institution between April 2019 and March 2021 were included in this study. CANP technique was performed using a large lumen catheter (inner diameter, ≥0.060 in.) without penetrating a thrombus. Results of the CANP technique, including the procedure time; first-pass effect (FPE); angiographical recanalization; functional independence; thrombus migration; and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) were compared with combined technique. RESULTS: A total of 77 patients (74.8%) were scheduled to undergo the CANP technique for initial procedure, and 50 (64.9%) attempted the CANP technique. Of 50 patients with CANP technique, 33 (66.0%) achieved angiographically good recanalization using CANP technique alone. FPE was achieved in 31 patients (62.0%) in CANP technique group; the rate of FPE was significantly higher (p = 0.008). Asymptomatic ICH were significantly smaller in the CANP technique group (p = 0.008). The median interval of only the CANP technique was 20 (IQR, 16-29.5) min for groin puncture to final recanalization, and was significantly faster (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CANP technique was safe with low risk of hemorrhagic complication and effective for the initial procedure of acute ischemic stroke.

Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery May Serve As a Tissue Clock in Patients Treated With Endovascular Thrombectomy.

Background and Purpose: We investigated whether the signal change on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) can serve as a tissue clock that predicts the clinical outcome after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), independently of the onset-to-admission time. Methods: Consecutive patients with acute stroke treated with EVT between September 2014 and December 2018 were enrolled. Based on the parenchymal signal change on FLAIR, patients were classified into FLAIR-negative and FLAIR-positive groups. The clinical characteristics, imaging findings, EVT parameters, and the intracranial hemorrhage defined as Heidelberg Bleeding Classification ≥1c hemorrhage (parenchymal hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and/or subdural hemorrhage) were compared between the 2 groups. A modified Rankin Scale score 0 to 1 at 3 months was considered to represent a good outcome. Results: Of the 227 patients with EVT during the study period, 140 patients (62%) were classified into the FLAIR-negative group and 87 (38%) were classified into the FLAIR-positive group. In the FLAIR-negative group, the patients were older (P=0.011), the onset-to-image time was shorter (P<0.001), the frequency of cardioembolic stroke was higher (P=0.006), and the rate of intravenous thrombolysis was higher (P<0.001) in comparison to the FLAIR-positive group. Although the rate of complete recanalization after EVT did not differ between the 2 groups (P=0.173), the frequency of both any-intracranial hemorrhage and Heidelberg Bleeding Classification ≥1c hemorrhage were higher in the FLAIR-positive group (P=0.004 and 0.011). At 3 months, the percentage of patients with a good outcome (FLAIR-negative, 41%; FLAIR-positive, 27%) was significantly related to the FLAIR signal change (P=0.047), while the onset-to-image time was not significant (P=0.271). A multivariate regression analysis showed that a FLAIR-negative status was independently associated with a good outcome (odds ratio, 2.10 [95% CI, 1.02­4.31], P=0.044). Conclusions: A FLAIR-negative status may predict the clinical outcome more accurately than the onset-to-admission time, which may support the role of FLAIR as a tissue clock.

The Effect of Aging and Small-Vessel Disease Burden on Hematoma Location in Patients with Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

INTRODUCTION: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating hemorrhagic event and is associated with high mortality or severe neurological sequelae. Age-associated differences in hematoma location for nonlobar ICH are not well known. The aims of the present study were to elucidate the relationship between age and hematoma location and to assess the differences in small-vessel disease (SVD) burden as a potential surrogate marker for longstanding hypertension among various hematoma locations. METHODS: From September 2014 through July 2019, consecutive patients with acute, spontaneous ICH were retrospectively enrolled from a prospective registry. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed during admission, and the total SVD burden score (including microbleeds, lacunes, enlarged perivascular spaces, and white matter hyperintensities) was calculated. The relationships of hematoma location with aging and SVD burden were assessed by using multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 444 patients (156 women [35%]; median age 69 [interquartile range 59-79] years; National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score 9 [17][3-17]) were enrolled in the present study. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that advanced age was independently associated with thalamic (odds ratio [OR]: 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-1.84, p < 0.001 for 10-year increment) and lobar hemorrhage (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.19-2.09, p = 0.002) and was independently and negatively related to putaminal hemorrhage (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.44-0.68, p < 0.001). The total SVD burden score was independently and positively associated with thalamic hemorrhage (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.01-1.59, p = 0.045) and negatively with lobar hemorrhage (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.55-0.99, p = 0.042), even after adjusting by age, but not with putaminal hemorrhage (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.73-1.14, p = 0.395). CONCLUSION: Putaminal, thalamic, and lobar hemorrhages are prone to occur in specific ages and SVD states: putaminal in young patients, thalamic in old and high SVD burden patients, and lobar hemorrhages in old and low SVD burden patients. Susceptibility to bleeding with aging or severe SVD accumulation seems to differ considerably among brain locations.

Pre-stroke cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke patients predicts poor functional outcome after mechanical thrombectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have investigated the predictors of functional outcome in patients with ischemic stroke after mechanical thrombectomy (MT). However, it is not clear whether pre-stroke cognitive (PSC) impairment is associated with the functional outcome of patients treated with MT. METHODS: We enrolled 113 patients treated with MT from December 2016 to November 2018. PSC was evaluated using the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). Poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 3-6. We compared the clinical characteristics between the groups with poor outcome (n = 61) and good outcome (n = 52) to determine if PSC could be a predictor of poor outcome. RESULTS: IQCODE was significantly higher in the group with poor outcome than good outcome (3.34 vs. 3.13, P = 0.017). Moreover, the following metrics differed between those two groups: age (75.9 vs. 71.6 years old, P = 0.010), the percentage of females (39.9% vs. 17.3%, P = 0.009), the percentage with hypertension (72.1% vs. 44.2%, P = 0.003), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission (20 vs. 11, P < 0.001), and no successful recanalization (24.5% vs. 7.7%; P = 0.025). Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that PSC (OR: 5.59; 95% CI: 1.55-23.47), history of hypertension (OR: 3.33; 95% CI: 1.29-9.11), no successful recanalization (OR: 5.51; 95% CI: 1.49-25.03), and NIHSS score on admission (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.07-1.22) were associated with poor outcome 3 months after stroke onset. CONCLUSIONS: PSC was significantly and independently associated with poor functional outcome in patients treated with MT.

[A case of neurogenic pulmonary edema due to left internal carotid artery occlusion].

A 79-year-old woman developed consciousness disturbance, left eye deviation, right hemiplegia and aphasia with hypoxemia. Chest X-ray showed bilateral pulmonary edema. MRI revealed the left internal carotid artery occlusion and entire left middle cerebral artery infarct including insular cortex. We performed mechanical thrombectomy therapy and TICI3 recanalization was obtained. During operation, the respiratory condition deteriorated and the ventilator was started after mechanical thrombectomy therapy. Chest X-ray showed butterfly shadow, which indicated pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema improved on the 2nd day of onset, and disappeared on the 3rd day. There was no heart diseases such as Takotsubo myocardiopathy, acute cardiac failure and cardiomyopathy on echocardiography and electrocardiography. Therefore, we diagnosed her as having neurogenic pulmonary edema due to cerebral infarction including insular cortex. We consider that left insular cortex infarction was a trigger of neurogenic pulmonary edema. If hypoxemia associated with infarction including the insular cortex, neurogenic pulmonary edema should be considered for medical treatment.

Cholesterol Crystal in Thrombus Removed by Mechanical Thrombectomy Should be a Strong Marker for Aortogenic Embolic Stroke.

Aortogenic embolic stroke (AES) is an important stroke mechanism. However, as many stroke patients have aortic atheromatous lesions, it is unclear whether these lesions are the cause of these strokes. Cholesterol crystals are the solid, crystalline form of cholesterol that is found in atherosclerosis, but not in cardiac diseases such as atrial fibrillation, valvular diseases, and cardiomyopathy. Therefore, if a cholesterol crystal is found in a thrombus removed by mechanical thrombectomy (MT), this makes it possible to diagnose a patient as having an atheromatous lesion. Here, we report an AES case with a cholesterol crystal found in a thrombus removed by MT. A 67-year-old man was admitted due to consciousness disturbance, aphasia, and right hemiplegia. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) showed a hyperintense area in the left frontal lobe, and magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated a branch occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA). MT was performed 1.5 h after stroke onset, with the thrombus removed and a left occluded MCA completely recanalized. Carotid duplex ultrasonography did not reveal any plaque in the carotid artery. Echocardiography did not show any abnormal function or findings, including thrombus. Transesophageal echocardiography showed a 4.9 mm atheromatous lesion at the aortic arch. Therefore, we suspected this patient as having an AES due to the embolic source of atheromatous lesion at the aortic arch. Pathological examination of the embolus revealed a cholesterol crystal cleft in the thrombus. Therefore, we diagnosed this patient as having AES caused by an atheromatous lesion at the aortic arch.

Good recanalization is associated with long term favorable outcomes in acute stroke patients with large vessel occlusion treated with endovascular therapy.

BACKGROUND: The long-term outcome in acute stroke patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) treated with endovascular therapy (EVT) are unclear. We investigated functional outcomes one year after EVT in acute stroke patients with LVO. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 149 stroke patients with LVO who underwent EVT from our prospective stroke registry. We assessed modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at one year from onset. The degree of recanalization was evaluated using modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (mTICI) grades. Good recanalization and a favorable outcome were defined as an mTICI grade ≥ 2b and mRS score ≤ 2, respectively. RESULTS: Favorable outcomes were observed in 76 (51.0%) patients. The favorable outcome group was younger (median age: 72 [interquartile range, 63-79] years vs. 79 [70-84] years, P < .001) and had more male patients (79% vs. 60%, P = .013), lower National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores at admission (median 14 [7-18]) vs. 19 [15-25], P < .001), higher DWI-ASPECTS upon admission (median [6-9] vs. 6 [4-8], P = .022), more patients with mTICI ≥ 2b (93% vs. 64%, P < .001) and fewer post-therapy intracranial cerebral hemorrhages (13% vs. 29%, P = .019) than the poor outcome group. In our multivariate analysis, mTICI ≥ 2b were independently associated with favorable outcomes at one year from onset (odds ratio, 10.282; 95% confidence interval, 1.587-66.604; P = .015). CONCLUSIONS: Good recanalization was associated with favorable functional outcomes one year after EVT in acute stroke patients with LVO.

Association between mitral regurgitation and clinical outcome after endovascular thrombectomy in stroke patients.

OBJECTIVE: Some hyperacute stroke patients have unfavorable outcomes after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) despite successful recanalization. We hypothesized that a cardiac parameter, moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation (MR), might decrease the rate of favorable clinical outcome after EVT in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). METHOD: From our prospective EVT registry, AF patients who underwent transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the presence of moderate-to-severe MR, patients were assigned to either significant MR or nonsignificant MR group. The severity of MR was determined by the ratio of the color Doppler jet area to the left atrial area in mid-systole. Moderate-to-severe MR was estimated to be at a ratio of >20%. Favorable outcome was defined as having a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-1 at 3 months. RESULT: 127 patients with AF who underwent TTE were included in the study. TTE results found that 25 (20%) patients had significant MR. Patients with significant MR were older (p = 0.051) and had enlarged left (p = 0.015) and right (p = 0.002) atria. Tricuspid and aortic regurgitation (p = 0.007 and 0.043, respectively) were more severe in significant MR group. At 3 months, favorable outcomes were 11% in the significant MR group and 26% in the non-significant MR group (p = 0.031). Multivariate regression analysis reported that moderate-to-severe MR was a negative predictor of favorable outcome (odds ratio = 0.14; 95% confidence interval = 0.02, 0.84; p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Significant MR might prevent the clinical recovery of AF patients.

Impact of complete recanalization on clinical recovery in cardioembolic stroke patients with M2 occlusion.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We investigated the impact of complete recanalization beyond partial recanalization in distal (M2) middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. METHODS: Data regarding M2 occlusion patients treated with endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) and/or intravenous thrombolysis (tPA) were reviewed from our prospective EVT registry and multicenter tPA (YAMATO study) data bank. Complete recanalization was modified thrombolysis with cerebral infarction score (TICI) of 3 at the end of EVT or similar appearances of both MCAs on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) within 1.5 h after tPA. Partial recanalization was defined as TICI ≥2b or > 50% recanalization on MRA. At 3 months, favorable outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score ≤ 2. RESULT: Data on 121 patients were analyzed. EVT-alone was in 38 patients; combined EVT and tPA in 28; and tPA-alone in 55. Complete recanalization was achieved in 27 (22%), partial recanalization in 48 (40%), and no-to-limited recanalization in 46 (38%). At 3 months, 51% of patients had favorable outcomes, and this rate was significantly higher in the complete recanalization group than in the partial and no-to-limited recanalization groups (75% vs. 41% vs. 49%, p = .043). Multivariate regression analysis showed that complete recanalization was an independent parameter related to favorable outcomes (odds ratio 4.78, 95% CI: 1.16-19.73, p = .030). However, combined complete and partial recanalization was not associated with favorable outcomes (odds ratio 1.49, 95% CI 0.53-4.22, p = .449). CONCLUSION: Complete recanalization, but not partial recanalization, at the end of EVT and tPA therapy is associated with favorable outcomes in patients with M2 occlusion.